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Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King

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CH-124 Sea King
A CH-124 Sea King of Royal Canadian Air Force in 2016
General information
TypeASW / utility helicopter
National originUnited States / Canada
ManufacturerSikorsky Aircraft
Built byUnited Aircraft of Canada
StatusRetired from service, displayed.
Primary usersCanadian Armed Forces
Number built41
History
Introduction date1963[1]
Retired1 December 2018[2][3]
Developed fromSH-3 Sea King
Two CH-124 Sea Kings approach HMCS Bonaventure in Feb 1968
HMCS Bonaventure's downed CH-124 Sea King in Feb 1968

The Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King (formerly CHSS-2) is a twin-engined anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter designed for shipboard use by Canadian naval forces, based on the US Navy's SH-3 Sea King. Most CH-124s were assembled in Quebec by United Aircraft of Canada. The CH-124 served with the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) and Canadian Armed Forces from 1963 to 2018.

Design and development

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The advent of nuclear-powered submarines in the late 1950s let to the RCN assessing this new threat. While noisier than older submarines and thus detectable at longer ranges, nuclear submarines could also reach 30 knots (56 km/h) while submerged, faster than the RCN's new St. Laurent-class destroyer escort's top speed of 28.5 knots (52.8 km/h). There were doubts that destroyers could effectively pursue and destroy such fast vessels, even when operating in pairs. During a 25 February 1959 Naval Board meeting, it was decided to counter the threat by operating helicopters from destroyers.[4] The RCN examined the feasibility of operating ASW helicopters from small escorts, adding a temporary helicopter landing platform to the Prestonian-class frigate HMCS Buckingham in mid-1956; successful trials were held in October 1956 using a Sikorsky HO4S-3.[5][6] A larger temporary platform was fitted on the destroyer escort HMCS Ottawa; operational trials used an RCAF Sikorsky S-58, a much larger and heavier aircraft than the HO4S; these successful tests met with approval.[6][7]

The RCN's then current HO4S-3 utility helicopter could not operate safely in inclement weather with a heavy weapons and sensor load, which would be imperative for the ASW role; hence, a more capable aircraft was needed. Initial 1959 studies identified two helicopters that seemed suitable—the Sikorsky S-61 (HSS-2) and the Kaman K-20 (HU2K)—but neither aircraft had flown at the time, so no choice was made. After further studies concluded that the smaller Kaman would better satisfy RCN requirements, the Treasury Board approved an initial procurement of 12 HU2K helicopters for $14.5 million in December 1960.[4]

Despite this apparent setback for Sikorsky, several factors derailed Kaman's proposal. When the Naval Board held a follow-up meeting on 27 January 1961, it was revealed that the initial 12 units' asking price had nearly doubled to $23 million, only six weeks after approval from the Treasury Board. The Naval Board still endorsed the HU2K, but there were some misgivings over the sharp price increase and reports that Kaman's performance projections may be overly optimistic. The Naval Board decided to await upcoming USN sea trials of the HU2K ahead of a final decision.[8] These trials confirmed the calculations of RCN staff members; the HU2K was substantially heavier than promised, hampering performance and rendering it incapable of meeting RCN requirements, even using a proposed upgraded engine. The Sea King was ultimately chosen for production on 20 December 1961.[9]

The first of 41 helicopters would be delivered in 1963 carrying the designation CHSS-2 Sea King. Airframe components were made by Sikorsky in Connecticut but most CHSS-2s were assembled in Longueuil, Quebec, by United Aircraft of Canada (now Pratt & Whitney Canada), a subsidiary of Sikorsky's parent company, United Aircraft. On 27 November 1963, the new landing platform aboard HMCS Assiniboine was used for the first operational destroyer landing of a production CHSS-2.[10] Upon the unification of Canada's military in 1968, the CHSS-2 was re-designated CH-124.[11]

In the 1960s,[12] the RCN developed a technique for landing large helicopters on small ship decks, using a 'hauldown' winch (called a "Beartrap"),[13] earning aircrews the nickname of "Crazy Canucks".[14] The Beartrap allows recovery of the Sea King in virtually any sea state.[15] In 1968, the RCN, Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and Canadian Army unified to form the Canadian Forces; air units were dispersed throughout the new force structure until Air Command (AIRCOM) was created in 1975. In August 2011, the Canadian Forces reverted to the former structure of the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force.

Operational service

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Sikorsky CH-124A Sea King

The Sea Kings were assigned to the former Iroquois-class destroyers (2 per ship with total of 6), Halifax-class frigates (1 per ship with total of 12), and the former Protecteur-class replenishment ships (3 per ship with total 6) as a means of extending the surveillance capabilities beyond the horizon. When deployed, each Sea King is accompanied by several crews. Each crew consists of two pilots, a Tactical Coordinator (TACCO), and an Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator (AESOp).[16]

In order to find submarines, the Sea King's sonar uses a transducer ball at the end of a 450-foot cable. It can also be fitted with FLIR to find surface vessels at night.

The CH-124 has undergone numerous refits and upgrades, especially with regard to the electronics, main gearboxes and engines, surface-search radar, secure cargo and passenger carrying capabilities.

In 2013 the CH-124 fleet averaged 9–14,000 flying hours, while Sea Kings of other fleets go as high as 40,000 hours. Although the CH-124 had frequent technical issues, none are serious, and they could maintain an 87 percent serviceability rate.[12]

On 1 December 2018, the CH-124 was officially retired in a ceremony at Vancouver Island, British Columbia, concluding 55 years of service. Of the surviving 28 Canadian Sea Kings, nine are destined for museums or to be displayed as monuments, 15 are to be sold, three scrapped, and one retained as a training aid.[17]

Replacement

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Main article: Canadian Sea King replacement

From 1983 onward attempts were made to replace the aging Sea King helicopters. Due to a series of financial and political issues, the process was hampered by repeated delays. In the end the CH-148 Cyclone, a new variant of the Sikorsky H-92 Superhawk was selected.

Variants

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Sikorsky CH-124A Sea King with blades folded for storage.
CH-124A Sea King aboard the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk
CH-124
Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Royal Canadian Navy (41 assembled by United Aircraft of Canada).[11]
CH-124A
The Sea King Improvement Program (SKIP) added modernized avionics as well as improved safety features.[11]
CH-124B
Alternate version of the CH-124A without a dipping sonar but formerly with a MAD sensor and additional storage for deployable stores. In 2006, the five aircraft of this variant were converted to support the Standing Contingency Task Force (SCTF), and were modified with additional troop seats, and frequency agile radios. Plans to add fast-rope capability, EAPSNIPS (Engine Air Particle Separator / Snow & Ice Particle Separator) did not come to fruition.[11]
CH-124B2
Six CH-124Bs were upgraded to the CH-124B2 standard in 1991–1992. The revised CH-124B2 retained the sonobuoy processing gear to passively detect submarines but, the aircraft was now also fitted with a towed-array sonar to supplement the ship's sonar. Since anti-submarine warfare is no longer a major priority within the Canadian Forces, the CH-124B2 were refitted again to become improvised troop carriers for the newly formed Standing Contingency Task Force.[11]
CH-124C
One CH-124 operated by the Helicopter Operational Test and Evaluation Facility located at CFB Shearwater. Used for testing new gear, and when not testing new gear, it is deployable to any Canadian Forces ship requiring a helicopter.[11]
CH-124U
Unofficial designation for four CH-124s that were modified for passenger/freight transport. One crashed in 1973, and the survivors were later refitted to become CH-124As.[11]

Former operators

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NOTE: Last aircraft was retired in December 2018[18][19]

 Canada

Aircraft on display

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Specifications (CH-124 Sea King)

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Orthographically projected diagram of the SH-3 Sea King.
Orthographically projected diagram of the SH-3 Sea King.

Data from [citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 4 (2 pilots, 1 navigator, 1 airborne electronic sensor operator)
  • Capacity: 3 passengers
  • Length: 54 ft 9 in (16.69 m)
  • Height: 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m)
  • Empty weight: 11,865 lb (5,382 kg)
  • Gross weight: 18,626 lb (8,449 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 22,050 lb (10,002 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric T58-GE-8F / T58-GE-100 turboshaft engines, 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 62 ft (19 m)
  • Main rotor area: 3,019.5 sq ft (280.52 m2)
  • Blade section: - NACA 0012[27]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 144 kn (166 mph, 267 km/h)
  • Range: 539 nmi (620 mi, 998 km)
  • Service ceiling: 14,700 ft (4,500 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,310–2,220 ft/min (6.7–11.3 m/s)

Armament

Replicas

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The Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia is commissioning a full-sized model of the CH-124 to be submerged with the destroyer HMCS Annapolis.[28]

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Requiem for the Sea King. Retrieved on November 17, 2008.
  2. ^ "Going out with Style" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  3. ^ Jennings, Gareth (18 December 2018). "Canada retires Sea King after 55 years". IHS Jane's 360. London. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b Soward 1995, pp.169–171.
  5. ^ Soward 1995, pp.63–65.
  6. ^ a b "ReadyAyeReady.com - The Royal Canadian Navy". www.readyayeready.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014.
  7. ^ Soward 1995, pp.92–93.
  8. ^ Soward 1995, pp.244–246.
  9. ^ Soward 1995, pp.261–262.
  10. ^ Soward 1995, pg. 326.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g "CH-124 Sea King Variants". Canadian American Strategic Review. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
  12. ^ a b Gordon, Lisa, The King at Sea" Vertical Magazine, 9 December 2013. Accessed: 11 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Sea Kings". www.hazegray.org.
  14. ^ "CBC News In Depth: Canada's Military". 1 February 2006.
  15. ^ "ST. LAURENT Class History". 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  16. ^ "Canada's Air Force – Aircraft – CH-124 Sea King – Technical Specifications". Archived from the original on 17 January 2008.
  17. ^ "Canada Retires Sea King After More Than 50 Years of Service". Defense Media Network. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  18. ^ a b c "Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King".
  19. ^ a b Government of Canada, National Defence (1 December 2018). "News Article - Final farewell to the Sea King". www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  20. ^ "No. 443 Squadron". canadianwings.com. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  21. ^ "No. 406 Squadron". canadianwings.com. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  22. ^ "423 Maritime Helicopter Squadron". rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  23. ^ a b "Sea King: Going out with style - News Article - Royal Canadian Air Force". 26 July 2018.
  24. ^ "Sea King – National Air Force Museum of Canada".
  25. ^ Dan Brennan. "The Comox Air Force Museum's Guide to the Aircraft of the Heritage Air Park" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2021.
  26. ^ "Visit the New Sea King exhibit at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum". 19 March 2020.
  27. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  28. ^ "Model of navy helicopter to be added to artificial reef in B.C." 15 September 2021.

Bibliography

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  • Soward, Stuart E. (1995). Hands to Flying Stations, a Recollective History of Canadian Naval Aviation, Volume II. Victoria, British Columbia: Neptune Developments. ISBN 0-9697229-1-5.
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